Manifested resilience by colombian refugees in their resettlement in new Zealand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv4n1-034Keywords:
resilience, colombian refugees, integration, resettlement, lack of englishAbstract
This research explores how Colombian refugees have manifested resilience in their resettlement and integration process in New Zealand. This study recruited 13 former Colombian refugees who were resettled in New Zealand from Ecuador, where they were recognised as refugees by the government of Ecuador and with the support of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). One reason for conducting this investigation was the lack of academic research on Colombian refugees in New Zealand, and to explore how they manifest resilience after their resettlement in New Zealand. But also, to contribute to the development of research on Colombian refugees in New Zealand and to contribute to all New Zealand refugee organisations with their resettlement and integration programmes in the country. Oral history and ethnography are the methodologies used in this study. 12 semi-structured oral history interviews were conducted with the participants. One focus group was also conducted, and four participants presented their written diaries. The findings of this research showed that the resilience demonstrated by Colombian refugees in New Zealand has been the key to overcoming the challenges of integration in the country, mainly the lack of English, mental health problems, discrimination, and unemployment.
References
Beaglehole, A. (1988). A Small Price to Pay: Refugees from Hitler in New Zealand 1936-46. Wellington: Allen and Unwin and Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs.
Bonanno , G., Westphal , M., & Mancini , A. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7: 511–535.
Brand, F. S., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society, 12 (1) 1-16.
Butcher, A., Spoonley, P., & Trlin, A. (2006). Being accepted: The experience of discrimination and social exclusion by immigrants and refugees in New Zealand. Palmerston North New Zealand: Massey University.
Calliou, B. (2004). Methodology for an oral history project. Retrieved from In Pacific Worlds Essays, accessed 20/10/2016: http://www.pacificworlds.com/homepage/education/essays/essay2a.cfm
Change Makers Refugee Forum. (2012). People with refugee backgrounds can do the job: Refugee background experiences of employment in Wellington. Wellington: ChangeMakers Refugee Forum.
Chile, L. M. (2007). Understanding the legal needs of migrant and refugee communities. Immigration Practitioners' Bulletins. Lexis Nexis Wellington, (5), 80-87.
Crea, T. M., Loughry, M., O’Halloran, C., & Flannery, G. J. (2016). Environmental risk: Urban refugees’ struggles to build livelihoods in South Africa. International Social Work, 1-16 DOI: 10.1177/0020872816631599.
Darychuk, A., & Jackson, S. (2015). Understanding community resilience through the accounts of women living in West Bank refugee camps. Journal of Women and Social, 30(4) 447-460.
Department of Labour. (2004). Refugee voices: a journey towards resettlement. Auckland: New Zealand inmigration service.
Feeney, A. (2000). Refugee employment. Local economy, vol 15, 4: pp. 343-349 nov 1 200.
Fernández , L. (2016). ¿Cómo analizar datos cualitativos? Barcelona: Butlletí LaRecerca.
Frost, N. (2015, September 10). A tale of two refugees. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from radionz.co.nz: http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/283734/a-tale-of-two-refugees
Haynes, K. (2006). Other Lives in Accounting: critical reflections on oral history methodology in action. Working Paper. Department of Management Studies: University of York , York.
Hayward, M. (2011). Refugees stories. Auckland New Zealand: AUT School of languages and culture.
Hylan, H. (1997). Refugees and migrants in New Zealand: Their challenges. Auckland New Zealand: Heval Hylan.
Kalmanowitz, D., & Ho, R. (2016). Out of our mind art therapy and mindfulness with refugees, political violence and trauma. The arts in psychotherapy , 49 57–65.
Kent, M., Davis, M., & Reich, J. (2014). The resilience handbook: approaches to stress and trauma. New York, NY: Routledge.
King, L., King, D., Keane, T., Fairbank, J., & Adams, G. (1998). Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support and additional stressful Life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 2, 420-434.
Lenette, C., Brough, M., & Cox, L. (2012). Everyday resilience: narratives of single refugee women with children. Qualitative social work, 12(5) 637–653 doi: 10.1177/1473325012449684.
Liev, M. H. (2008). Adaptation of Cambodians in New Zealand achievement, cultural identity and community development: A thesis in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in development studies at the University of Auckland. Auckland New Zealand: AUT.
Lim, S.-H., & Han, S.-S. (2016). A predictive model on north Korean refugees' adaptation to South Korean society: resilience in response to psychological trauma. Korean Society of Nursing Science, 10: 164-172.
Lyon, F., Sepulveda, L., & Syrett, S. (2007). Enterprising refugees: Contributions and challenges in deprived urban areas. Local Economy, Vol. 22, No. 4, November 2007, 362–375.
McCann, L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: theory, therapy, and transformation. New York NY: Brunner-Routledge.
Ministry of Business, I. a. (2012). New Land, New Life: Long-Term Settlement of refugees in New Zealand. Wellington New Zealand: Ministry of Business.
Ministry of Social Development. (2008). Diverse Communities: Exploring the migrant and refugee experience in New Zealand. Wellington New Zealand: Ministry of Social Development.
Mitschke, D. B., Praetorius, R. T., Kelly, D. R., Small, E., & Kim, Y. K. (2016). Listening to refugees: How traditional mental health interventions may miss the mark. International Social Work, 1-13 DOI: 10.1177/0020872816648256.
Mohamed, A. (2011). Religion, culture and mental health in Somali refugees in Christchurch New Zealand: A dissertation submitted for the degree of marter of public health at the University of Otago, New Zealand. Christchurch New Zealand: University of Otago.
Nam, B., Kim, J. Y., DeVylder, J., & Song, A. (2016). Family functioning, resilience, and depression among North Korean refugees. Psychiatry research, 245 451–457.
Nash, M., Wong, J., & Trlin, A. (2004). Civic and social integration A new field of social work practice with immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers. International Social Work. Sage Publications: London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, 49(3): 345–363 DOI: 10.1177/0020872806063407.
New Zealand Immigration. (2016). The Refugee and Protection Unit. Wellington: Ministry of business.
O'Leary, Z. (2004). The essential guide to doing your research project . Los Angeles: Sage.
O'Leary, Z. (2014). The essencial guide to doing your research project. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks California: Sage Publications Inc.
Pahud, M.-T. (2008). The coping processes of adult refugees resettled in New Zealand: A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Sciences in the University of Canterbury. Christchurch: University of Canterbury.
Palacio, J., Abello, R., Madariaga, C., & Sabatier, C. (1999). Estrés post-traumático y resistencia psicológica en jóvenes desplazados. Investigació y desarrollo, 10: 16-29.
Phillimore, J., & Goodson, L. (2006). Problem or Opportunity? Asylum seekers, refugees, employment and social exclusion in deprived urban areas. Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 10, 1715–1736, September 2006.
Pio, E. (2010). Longing & belonging: Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American and African peoples in New Zealand. Wellington New Zealand: Dunmore Pub.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. (2016, February). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from nimh: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml
Puvimanasinghe, T., Denson, L., Augoustinos, M., & Somasundaram, D. (2015). Vicarious resilience and vicarious traumatisation: Experiences of working with refugees and asylum seekers in South Australia. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(6) 743–765.
Revell, E. S. (2012). The manifestation of race in everyday communication interactions in New Zealand. Auckland New Zealand: Unitec.
Riley, J., & Masten, A. (2005). Resilience in context. In: DeVries Peters R, Leadbeater B and McMahon RJ (eds) Resilience in Children, Families, and Communities: Linking Context to Practice and Policy. New York, NY pp. 13–26: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Sanchez, V. C. (2016). Latin American refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand: A chronology of forced migration and analysis of resettlement experiences. Auckland New Zealand: AUT.
Shapiro, F. (2014). ¿Qué es EMDR? Madrid: Pesicologo.
Sherwood, K., & Liebling-Kalifani, H. (2012). A grounded theory investigation into the experiences of African women refugees: effects on resilience and identity and implications for service provision. Journal of international women's studies, 13: 86-108.
Sleijpen, M., Heide, F. J., Mooren, T., Boeije, H. R., & Kleber, R. J. (2013). Bouncing forward of young refugees: a perspective on resilience research directions. European journal of psychotraumatology, 4: 20124 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20124.
Slobodin, O., & de Jong, J. (2015). Family interventions in traumatized immigrants and refugees: A systematic review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(6) 723–742.
Ssenyonga, J., Owens, V., & Olema, D. K. (2013). Posttraumatic growth, resilience, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among refugees. Procedia - social and behavioral sciences, 82 44 – 148.
Swaroop, S. R., & DeLoach, C. (2015). Voices of trauma and resilience: cultural and gender distinctive responses to war and displacement in Pakistan. Psychology and Developing Societies, 27(1) 1–30.
Taylor, C., & Gibbs, G. (2010, December 1). What is qualitative data analysis (QDA)? Retrieved from onlineqda: http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_is_qda.php
The national institute of mental health . (2016, February). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from nimh.nih.gov: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml
Thomas, G., & McKenzie, L. (2005). My home now: Migrants and refugees to New Zealand tell their stories. Auckland New Zealand: Cape Catley.
Tippens, J. (2016). Urban Congolese Refugees in Kenya: The contingencies of coping and resilience in a context marked by structural vulnerability. Qualitative Health Research, 1-14.
Tomlinson, F., & Egan, S. (2002). From marginalization to (dis)empowerment: Organizing training and employment services for refugees. Human Relations, Volume 55(8): 1019–1043: 026182.
Treen, M. (2013, April 26). What can history teach us about how to treat refugees? Retrieved 06 08, 2017, from thedailyblog: http://thedailyblog.co.nz/2013/04/26/what-can-history-teach-us-about-how-to-treat-refugee/
Yor, A. (2016). Beyond refuge: stories of resettlement in Auckland. Auckland: Auckland Resettled Community Coalition.
Yow, V. R. (2005). Recording oral history: A guide for the humanities and social sciences. Oxford UK: Altamira press.